{"id":17982,"date":"2023-10-03T15:04:42","date_gmt":"2023-10-03T15:04:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/?page_id=17982"},"modified":"2023-10-03T15:50:48","modified_gmt":"2023-10-03T15:50:48","slug":"reseni-zasadni-otazky-vedomi-jako-inherentni-vlastnost-magnetickych-poli","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/czech_consciousness_paper.htm","title":{"rendered":"\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed \u201ez\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky\u201c: V\u011bdom\u00ed jako inherentn\u00ed vlastnost magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed."},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed \u201ez\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky\u201c: V\u011bdom\u00ed jako inherentn\u00ed vlastnost magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Francais<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

English<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Todd Murphy, 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Program behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed neurov\u011bdy p\u0159i Laurentsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b (v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd pracovn\u00edk).<\/p>\n

Souhrn<\/strong>: \u201eZ\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka\u201c, tedy ot\u00e1zka t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed podstaty v\u011bdom\u00ed, nach\u00e1z\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f v hypot\u00e9ze, kde v\u011bdom\u00ed je atributem magnetick\u00e9ho pole a kde komplexn\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed (je\u017e m\u016f\u017ee zahrnovat \u201esebeuv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed\u201c, inteligenci nebo soci\u00e1ln\u00ed interakci) je zalo\u017eeno na integraci magnetick\u00e9ho pole mozku (poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z jeho bohat\u00e9 populace krystal\u016f magnetitu) s jeho neur\u00e1ln\u00edm elektrick\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem. Uveden\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za zp\u0159ehled\u0148uje ot\u00e1zku lok\u00e1ln\u00edho vs. nelok\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u011bdom\u00ed, nov\u011b definuje dualismus \u201emysli a t\u011bla\u201c a tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e1 nab\u00edz\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro anom\u00e1lie nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u011b sofistikovan\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed u anencefalik\u016f. (anencefalie \u2013 nep\u0159\u00edtomnost mozku)<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z d\u016fsledk\u016f t\u00e9to hypot\u00e9zy je odm\u00edtnut\u00ed behaviorismu a solipismu. Jsou zde diskutov\u00e1ny obt\u00ed\u017ee p\u0159i falzifikaci a p\u0159\u00edstupy k jej\u00ed potvrditelnosti, jako\u017e i v\u00fdzvy, kter\u00fdm \u010del\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed (opera\u010dn\u00ed, funk\u010dn\u00ed) definice p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho fenom\u00e9nu, nezbytn\u00e1 pro experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed validaci.<\/p>\n

Obecn\u011b se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je fenomenologick\u00fdm korel\u00e1tem ur\u010dit\u00e9ho procesu nebo proces\u016f v mozku. Odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zku, jak se v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e rozum\u00edme schopnost subjektivn\u00edho pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed <\/em>(angl. subjective experience<\/em>), objevuje jako funkce mozku (\u201ez\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka\u201c), je jednou z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek sou\u010dasn\u00e9 neurov\u011bdy.<\/p>\n

Zde se pokou\u0161\u00edme navrhnout, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je inherentn\u00ed vlastnost magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed. To by znamenalo, \u017ee i pouh\u00fd oby\u010dejn\u00fd magnet disponuje element\u00e1rn\u00edm v\u011bdom\u00edm. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159irozen\u00fd d\u016fsledek, \u017ee kognitivn\u00ed komplexita podl\u00e9h\u00e1 struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo funk\u010dn\u00ed komplexit\u011b magnetick\u00e9ho pole, je\u017e ji ovliv\u0148uje.<\/p>\n

Slovo \u201ev\u011bdom\u00ed\u201c p\u0159edstavuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 dilema. Navzdory jeho bezprost\u0159ednosti, neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd objektivn\u00ed d\u016fkaz jeho existence. V\u0161echny definice zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed tento fenom\u00e9n jsou ze sv\u00e9 podstaty tautologick\u00e9. V r\u00e1mci na\u0161\u00ed definice v\u011bdom\u00ed jako schopnosti subjektivn\u00edho pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, je slovo \u201esubjektivn\u00ed\u201c tautologick\u00e9 se slovem \u201ev\u011bdom\u00ed\u201c a tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed pro slovo \u201epro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. Subjektivita je podm\u00edn\u011bna p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u010dlov\u011bk si v\u0161ak nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ni\u010deho v\u011bdom, pokud neza\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 subjektivitu (angl. subjective experience<\/em>). Pro \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed tohoto zacyklen\u00e9ho uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, spjat\u00e9ho s definov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u011bdom\u00ed, je t\u0159eba stanovit postul\u00e1t (neboli \u201eaxiom\u201c), jen\u017e vytvo\u0159\u00ed \u00fa\u010delov\u00fd a z\u0159eteln\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad, jen\u017e by n\u00e1m m\u011bl usnadnit diskusi. Budeme zde tedy p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee introspektivn\u00ed pro\u017eitek subjektivity, ji\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00ed lid\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed, je zobecniteln\u00fd na ostatn\u00ed lidi a \u010dleny jin\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f, a \u017ee v\u0161echny v\u00fdskyty (p\u0159\u00edklady) v\u011bdom\u00ed maj\u00ed stejn\u00fd z\u00e1klad. Tento axiom n\u00e1m pak umo\u017e\u0148uje zach\u00e1zet se subjektivn\u00edm fenom\u00e9nem v\u011bdom\u00ed jako s fenom\u00e9nem objektivn\u00edm.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny zn\u00e1m\u00e9 funkce mozku jsou v\u00e1z\u00e1ny na elektrick\u00e9, chemick\u00e9, histologick\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9my. Av\u0161ak \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed nebo interakce t\u011bchto syst\u00e9m\u016f nebyly schopny vysv\u011btlit fenom\u00e9n subjektivn\u00edho v\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"A
Obr\u00e1zek 1<\/strong>. Uk\u00e1zka magnetotaktick\u00e9 bakterie s magnetozomem.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hust\u011b rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 krystaly magnetitu1<\/sup> v mozku mohou fungovat jako substr\u00e1t pro dal\u0161\u00ed nervov\u00fd (neur\u00e1ln\u00ed) syst\u00e9m. Tato \u201emagnetitov\u00e1 biomineralizace v lidsk\u00e9m mozku\u201c se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z p\u011bti mili\u00f3n\u016f magnetitov\u00fdch krystal\u016f na jeden gram mozkov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b. Tyto krystaly z\u0159ejm\u011b vznikly p\u0159\u00edmo v mozku a nebyly absorbov\u00e1ny z okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Krystaly jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny v \u0159et\u011bzc\u00edch zvan\u00fdch magnetozomy. Nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se tak\u00e9 u cel\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159ady \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b pt\u00e1k\u016f, ryb, savc\u016f a bakteri\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jeden v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk v dan\u00e9 oblasti navrhl mechanismus, jim\u017e by magnetick\u00e9 pole mohlo ovliv\u0148ovat mozkov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b a elektrickou aktivitu.<\/p>\n

\u201eJednoduch\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010det ukazuje, \u017ee magnetozomy pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se v reakci na p\u00e1smo extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9 frekvence (ELF) o zemsk\u00e9 s\u00edle jsou schopny otev\u00edrat transmembr\u00e1nov\u00e9 iontov\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly, a to podobn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak\u00fd p\u0159edpov\u00eddaj\u00ed modely iontov\u00e9 rezonance. Proto p\u0159\u00edtomnost stopov\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00ed biogenn\u00edho magnetitu prakticky ve v\u0161ech zkouman\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00edch nazna\u010duje, \u017ee podobn\u00e9 biofyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed procesy mohou vysv\u011btlovat \u0159adu bioefekt\u016f slab\u00fdch pol\u00ed ELF.\u201c2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Jak je pops\u00e1no v Maxwellov\u00fdch rovnic\u00edch, elektrick\u00e9 proudy v axonech vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed magnetick\u00e1 pole n\u00edzk\u00e9 intenzity, je\u017e vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed pohyb v bl\u00edzk\u00fdch magnetozomech a prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm magnetick\u00e9 rezonance \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed sch\u00e9mata elektrick\u00fdch impulz\u016f neuron\u016f do v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch magnetozom\u016f v mozku (efekt pole \u2013 pole).<\/p>\n

7 x 109<\/sup> magnetitov\u00fdch krystal\u016f a magnetozomy, je\u017e utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m mozku, vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed mnohon\u00e1sobn\u00e1 pole \u2013 jsou v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho magnetick\u00e9ho pole se dv\u011bma (hemisferick\u00fdmi) centry a neust\u00e1le se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edmi oblastmi maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed intenzity magnetick\u00e9ho pole. Navrhujeme, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je vlastnost\u00ed tohoto magnetick\u00e9ho pole a \u017ee obsah v\u011bdom\u00ed bude korelovat s funkcemi spojen\u00fdmi s oblastmi maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed intenzity magentick\u00e9ho pole nebo\/a nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi magnetick\u00fdmi informacemi. To odpov\u00edd\u00e1 principu, kde fenomenologie metabolicky nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed (a\u0165 v excitaci nebo inhibici) koreluje s aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm obsahem \u201emysli\u201c.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed povaha (charakteristika) v\u011bdom\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed charakteristikou v\u011bdom\u00ed je jeho role ve vztahu subjekt\/objekt, tj. vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a reagov\u00e1n\u00ed. I to nejelement\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed) v\u011bdom\u00ed by tedy bylo vybaveno zp\u011btnovazebn\u00fdmi smy\u010dkami.<\/p>\n

\"Magnetic
Obr\u00e1zek<\/strong> 2<\/strong>. Zp\u011btn\u00e1 vazba existuje mezi dv\u011bma \u010d\u00e1stmi, kdy\u017e jedna ovliv\u0148uje druhou.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dva magnetick\u00e9 p\u00f3ly, a\u0165 u\u017e jsou jedin\u00fdm zdrojem magnetick\u00e9ho pole, nebo jen jedn\u00edm z mnoha, mohou b\u00fdt modelem pro hypotetick\u00e9 \u201eelement\u00e1rn\u00ed\u201c v\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 2 je vid\u011bt p\u0159\u00edklad jednoduch\u00e9 zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazby, kde je nad jednoduch\u00fdm magnetick\u00fdm polem zobrazena smy\u010dka informa\u010dn\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazby. Podobnost struktury teoretick\u00e9 zp\u011btnovazebn\u00ed smy\u010dky a silo\u010dar je zjevn\u00e1. Elektrick\u00e1 aktivita, jako jsou neuron\u00e1ln\u00ed impulsy, v\u00fdboje a oscilace, stejn\u011b jako vliv magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed v prost\u0159ed\u00ed, by neust\u00e1le \u010dinilo neuron\u00e1ln\u00ed pole komplexn\u00edmi, co\u017e by jednoduch\u00e9 <\/em>smy\u010dky zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazby \u010dinilo nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdkoli anizotropismus v magnetick\u00e9m nebo elektrick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed by naru\u0161il rovnom\u011brnost neuron\u00e1ln\u00edho magnetick\u00e9ho pole a vnesl by do syst\u00e9mu informa\u010dn\u00ed obsah (slo\u017eku), proto\u017ee pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed elektrick\u00fd proud v axonech vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 pulzuj\u00edc\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 pole.<\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zku \u010d. 3 vid\u00edme tak\u00e9 analogick\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole se dv\u011bma vstupy a jedn\u00edm v\u00fdstupem. Magnetick\u00e1 smy\u010dka s obecnou zp\u011btnou vazbou by na rozd\u00edl od informa\u010dn\u00ed smy\u010dky zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00e9 na sch\u00e9matu m\u011bla zp\u011btnou vazbu na v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti, tak\u017ee by nemusela m\u00edt jedin\u00fd z\u0159eteln\u00fd sm\u011br komunikace nebo vyhrazen\u00e9 vstupy a v\u00fdstupy.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zek 3. Schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed teoretick\u00e9 obecn\u00e9 smy\u010dky zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazby<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Obr\u00e1zek 3a. Stejn\u00e1 zp\u011btnovazebn\u00ed smy\u010dka ve t\u0159ech magnetozomech, mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jej\u00ed sch\u00e9ma nebo jeden magnet.<\/p>\n

Komplexn\u00ed magnetick\u00e1 pole vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem magnetosom\u016f by byla schopna p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed by bylo v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 pole, t\u00edm v\u00edce informac\u00ed by mohlo n\u00e9st. O neuron\u00e1ln\u00edm magnetozomu ji\u017e byla vyslovena rigor\u00f3zn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za, \u017ee m\u00e1 schopnost uchov\u00e1vat informace3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Struktura v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed by m\u011bla komplexnost analogickou newtonovsk\u00e9 soustav\u011b \u201et\u0159\u00ed t\u011bles\u201c (obr. 4). Nevyhnuteln\u00e9 pulzace a v\u00fdboje zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm nervov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f budou vnit\u0159n\u00ed strukturu takov\u00e9ho magnetick\u00e9ho pole d\u00e1le \u010dinit komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee podrobn\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed uveden\u00e9ho t\u00e9matu je mimo r\u00e1mec tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku, nem\u011blo by b\u00fdt vylou\u010deno holografick\u00e9 ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Obr\u00e1zek 4.\u00a0Magnetick\u00fd syst\u00e9m \u201et\u0159\u00ed t\u011bles\u201c.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Biologick\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed je charakterizov\u00e1no schopnost\u00ed vn\u00edmat a reagovat na kv\u00e1lie a vjemy z mnoha smyslov\u00fdch, afektivn\u00edch a kognitivn\u00edch modalit, lokalizovan\u00fdch do specifick\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a s\u00edt\u00ed v mozku. Kdy\u017e v obsahu na\u0161eho v\u011bdom\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad somatick\u00fd vjem nebo \u00fakol, podl\u00e9haj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 nervov\u00e9 oblasti (temenn\u00ed p\u00e1s, pariet\u00e1ln\u00ed prou\u017eek, baz\u00e1ln\u00ed ganglie, moze\u010dek atd.) v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed nebo \u010derstv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 aktivit\u011b, co\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed fluktuace magnetick\u00e9ho pole v t\u00e9\u017ee oblasti \u2013 jak pozoroval Brenner (et. al) v roce 19784<\/sup>. Tyto fluktuace mohou podn\u011bcovat mechanismy pozornosti k v\u011bnov\u00e1n\u00ed pozornosti somatick\u00e9ho fenom\u00e9nu. Opodstatn\u011bn\u011b se d\u00e1 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee obsah v\u011bdom\u00ed <\/em>i aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav v\u011bdom\u00ed<\/em> vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z v\u00edce lokalizovan\u00e9 nervov\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 a chemick\u00e9 aktivity.<\/p>\n

Magnetick\u00e1 informace by v z\u00e1sad\u011b dok\u00e1zala rychle informovat v\u0161echny oblasti mozku o jak\u00e9mkoli podn\u011btu, jen\u017e by vy\u017eadoval zm\u011bnu stavu v\u011bdom\u00ed, a s t\u00edm i rychl\u00e9 zm\u011bny chov\u00e1n\u00ed v reakci na hrozby nebo p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1 se zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed (magnetick\u00e9 pole mozku) je neust\u00e1le ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1no elektrickou aktivitou neuron\u016f prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm klasicky zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho vztahu mezi magnetick\u00fdm polem a elektrick\u00fdm proudem. Maxwellovy rovnice tedy nab\u00edzej\u00ed matematick\u00fd popis prim\u00e1rn\u00edho rozhran\u00ed mezi \u201emysl\u00ed a hmotou\u201c, nikoli v\u0161ak celkov\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed <\/em>mysli. Co pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me v ka\u017ed\u00e9m okam\u017eiku, m\u016f\u017ee tedy b\u00fdt fenomenologick\u00fdm korel\u00e1tem nejv\u00edce excitovan\u00fdch koherentn\u00edch nebo informa\u010dn\u011b bohat\u00fdch oblast\u00ed uveden\u00e9ho pole nebo oblast\u00ed s nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm informa\u010dn\u00edm obsahem.<\/p>\n

Na jin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b5 <\/sup>jsem pouk\u00e1zal na to, \u017ee magnetick\u00e9 pole se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed lebe\u010dn\u00edm prostorem podstatn\u011b rychleji ne\u017e neuroelektrick\u00e9 nebo neurochemick\u00e9 procesy. Komunikace magnetick\u00fdm polem v mozku je nejrychlej\u0161\u00edm dostupn\u00fdm typem komunikace. Reakce organism\u016f na hrozby a p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti jsou rychlej\u0161\u00ed, pokud by z\u00e1klad v\u011bdom\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edval v magnetick\u00fdch substr\u00e1tech mozku, ne\u017e kdyby byl zalo\u017een na pomalej\u0161\u00edch chemick\u00fdch nebo elektrick\u00fdch procesech. Dva p\u00f3ly jednoduch\u00e9ho magnetick\u00e9ho pole p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed zjednodu\u0161en\u00fd srozumiteln\u00fd model vztahu mezi subjektem a objektem. Slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my poskytuj\u00ed z\u00e1klad pro komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed, jak\u00e9 se vyskytuje u v\u0161ech \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f s vyvinutou nervovou soustavou. \u201eSebeuv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed\u201c (\u010dasto zam\u011b\u0148ovan\u00e9 s v\u011bdom\u00edm) je z\u0159ejm\u011b n\u011bco v\u00edc ne\u017e zp\u011btnovazebn\u00ed smy\u010dka mezi uzly pro smyslov\u00e9, kognitivn\u00ed a afektivn\u00ed funkce (v thalamu) a pocitem vlastn\u00edho j\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Emergentismus<\/strong><\/p>\n

O v\u011bdom\u00ed se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee je emergentn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed mozkov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti (\u201eemergentismus\u201c)6<\/sup>. O emergentn\u00ed vlastnosti syst\u00e9mu se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na syst\u00e9mu, ale vykazuje jevy nebo chov\u00e1n\u00ed, je\u017e nelze p\u0159edv\u00eddat na z\u00e1klad\u011b chov\u00e1n\u00ed jeho slo\u017eek (\u201esynergie\u201c). Pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b m\u00e1 cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 jeho slo\u017eky postr\u00e1daj\u00ed, tak\u017ee v emergentismu je v\u011bdom\u00ed znakem mozkov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, ale ne n\u011bjak\u00e9ho konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho neur\u00e1ln\u00edho procesu nebo syst\u00e9mu. N\u00e1\u0161 sou\u010dasn\u00fd postoj se li\u0161\u00ed v tom, \u017ee navrhujeme, aby v\u011bdom\u00ed bylo specificky p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1no magnetick\u00fdm pol\u00edm v mozku, co\u017e nevylu\u010duje interpretaci, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je emergentn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Evolu\u010dn\u00ed aspekty<\/strong><\/p>\n

Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee elektrick\u00e1 aktivita mozku se mohla vyvinout tak, aby podporovala magnetozom\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m mozku. Prvn\u00ed nervov\u00e1 elektrick\u00e1 aktivita se mohla objevit pot\u00e9, co \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 druhy za\u010daly do sv\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00ed ukl\u00e1dat magnetit. \u0158et\u011bzce krystal\u016f magnetitu mohly p\u0159edstavovat nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edch\u016fdce nervov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, je\u017e nyn\u00ed vid\u00edme u v\u0161ech \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f. Dokonce existuj\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 bakterie bez nervov\u00e9 soustavy, je\u017e pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed magnetozomy k orientaci vzhledem ke geomagnetick\u00e9mu poli7 <\/sup>(viz obr. 1).<\/p>\n

P\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je inherentn\u00ed (vnit\u0159n\u00ed, p\u0159irozenou, ned\u00edlnou) vlastnost\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed, znamen\u00e1, \u017ee komplexn\u00ed<\/em> v\u011bdom\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b reperto\u00e1ru stav\u016f v\u011bdom\u00ed, emoc\u00ed, kognitivn\u00edch n\u00e1vyk\u016f a schopnosti sebeuv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed) se objevuje ve spojen\u00ed s komplexn\u00edmi magnetick\u00fdmi poli, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed informace z elektrick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu mozku.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdom\u00e9 nervov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se mohly p\u016fvodn\u011b vyvinout v souladu s fyzikou magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed. V\u011bdom\u00ed, ch\u00e1pan\u00e9 jako vlastnost \u017eiv\u00fdch organism\u016f, je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm evolu\u010dn\u00ed adaptac\u00ed, je\u017e p\u0159isp\u011bla k p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed druh\u016f na Zemi. Nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt emergentn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed mozku. Mozek m\u016f\u017ee sp\u00ed\u0161e poskytovat organick\u00fd kontext (substr\u00e1t) pro sv\u016fj magnetick\u00fd informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, co\u017e organism\u016fm zaji\u0161\u0165uje adaptivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos mozku. Proto by se dal mozek, jak jej zn\u00e1me, pova\u017eovat za emergentn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st magnetozom\u016f, je\u017e se pr\u016fb\u011bhem \u010dasu objevila jako reakce na evolu\u010dn\u00ed tlaky. \u017divo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 druhy s nervovou soustavou, kter\u00e9 nevyu\u017e\u00edvaly magnetick\u00e9 pole efektivn\u011b (stejn\u011b jako jeho ve\u0161ker\u00e9 informace, je\u017e mohlo uchov\u00e1vat nebo p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et), by nebyly tak \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 jako ty, kter\u00e9 pole vyu\u017e\u00edvaly.<\/p>\n

Zd\u00e1 se nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by lidsk\u00e1 evoluce nena\u0161la \u017e\u00e1dnou v\u00fdhodu ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed magneticky nesen\u00e9 informace v prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Magnetick\u00fd smysl<\/strong><\/p>\n

Magnetick\u00e9 pole Zem\u011b je jednou z podm\u00ednek prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e prob\u00edh\u00e1 ve\u0161ker\u00e1 biologick\u00e1 evoluce. Jak je zn\u00e1mo, na magnetick\u00e9 pole je citliv\u00e1 cel\u00e1 \u0159ada \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b pt\u00e1k\u016f, ryb a lid\u00ed. Existuje \u0159ada d\u016fkaz\u016f, \u017ee lidsk\u00fd nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m reaguje na magnetick\u00e9 pole n\u00edzk\u00e9 intenzity8,9<\/sup>, vede se v\u0161ak sporn\u00e1 debata o tom, zda lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed \u201emagnetick\u00fd smysl\u201c. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie odhalila d\u016fkazy, \u017ee p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 mohou vn\u00edmat zm\u011bny v magnetick\u00e9m poli Zem\u011b10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee lid\u00e9 mohou vn\u00edmat magnetick\u00e9 pole a jeho specifick\u00e9 percepty se prezentuj\u00ed synesteticky prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jin\u00fdch smysl\u016f, kognice nebo afekt\u016f (\u00fa\u010dink\u016f, angl. affects<\/em>). Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b se nejedn\u00e1 o samostatnou smyslovou modalitu (\u201emagnetorecepci\u201c) jako takovou \u2013 p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed je sice nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, nikoliv v\u0161ak nemo\u017en\u00e1 schopnost11<\/sup>. Nen\u00ed to podobn\u00e9 tomu, kdy pouze n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed citlivost\u00ed na nuance zvuk\u016f maj\u00ed dokonal\u00fd sluch. Lze o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee citlivost na zm\u011bny v okoln\u00edch magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00edch se u jednotliv\u00fdch osob li\u0161\u00ed. Pozoruhodn\u011b tento druh \u201esekund\u00e1rn\u00edho\u201c vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed byl pozorov\u00e1n p\u0159i stimulaci magnetick\u00fdm polem b\u011bhem v\u00fdzkumu vlivu LSD12<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Lok\u00e1ln\u00ed a nelok\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed <\/strong><\/p>\n

Na\u0161e hypot\u00e9za p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i interakci magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u010d\u00e1st nebo cel\u00fd informa\u010dn\u00ed obsah (jeho \u201emagnetick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly\u201c) jednoho v\u011bdom\u00ed sd\u00edlen jak s ostatn\u00edmi, tak s geomagnetick\u00fdm polem kolem n\u00e1s, a to prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm magnetick\u00e9 rezonance. Interakce s ostatn\u00edmi lidsk\u00fdmi nervov\u00fdmi magnetick\u00fdmi poli by z v\u011bdom\u00ed u\u010dinila lok\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m s nelok\u00e1ln\u00edmi funkcemi. Je to jako by ka\u017ed\u00fd mozek m\u011bl v\u00fdchoz\u00ed body v ka\u017ed\u00e9m jin\u00e9m mozku v okol\u00ed. Mnoho zd\u00e1nliv\u00fdch anom\u00e1li\u00ed a paranorm\u00e1ln\u00edch jev\u016f, je\u017e se koncept nelok\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u011bdom\u00ed sna\u017e\u00ed objasnit, lze vysv\u011btlit jako jednoduch\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady interakce mezi magnetick\u00fdmi sign\u00e1ly ve v\u00edce mozc\u00edch a\/nebo v na\u0161em geomagnetick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. V na\u0161em modelu je nav\u00edc zahrnuto magnetick\u00e9 pole Zem\u011b, do n\u011bho\u017e jsou v\u0161echny mozky pono\u0159eny. Pole Zem\u011b je v\u011bdom\u00e9 a interaguje se v\u0161emi mozky v n\u011bm. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 instance v\u011bdom\u00ed je individualizovan\u00e1, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 integrovan\u00e1 s ostatn\u00edmi poli a schopn\u00e1 sd\u00edlet ve\u0161ker\u00e9 informace v nich zak\u00f3dovan\u00e9. Je docela pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee sign\u00e1ly \u201ezapsan\u00e9\u201c do magnetick\u00e9ho pole mozku jeho elektrickou aktivitou by se vyskytovaly ve v\u0161ech lidsk\u00fdch mozc\u00edch, proto\u017ee v\u0161ichni sd\u00edl\u00edme stejnou evolu\u010dn\u00ed historii, a proto\u017ee elektroencefalografie empiricky zjistila, \u017ee specifick\u00e1 neur\u00e1ln\u00ed sch\u00e9mata odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed stejnou aktivitu a stavy v\u011bdom\u00ed u v\u0161ech lid\u00ed, a\u017e na n\u011bkolik patologick\u00fdch v\u00fdjimek. Proto\u017ee se v\u0161echny nervov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my vyvinuly v prost\u0159ed\u00ed geomagnetick\u00e9ho pole, m\u016f\u017eeme d\u016fvodn\u011b o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee neuromagnetick\u00e9 informace budou obsahovat n\u011bkter\u00e9 z jeho \u201ek\u00f3d\u016f\u201c. Pokud jsou sign\u00e1ly v neuromagnetick\u00e9m poli pro v\u0161echny lidi stejn\u00e9, pak alespo\u0148 n\u011bkter\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 mozky maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l vz\u00e1jemn\u011b komunikovat, i kdy\u017e bychom nem\u011bli o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee v\u0161echny mozky budou na tyto jemn\u00e9 podn\u011bty stejn\u011b citliv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Schumannova rezonance by mohla slou\u017eit jako nosn\u00e1 frekvence pro magnetick\u00e9 informace p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 mezi mozky. Rezonan\u010dn\u00ed frekvence lidsk\u00e9ho mozku, zalo\u017een\u00e1 na jeho obvodu a objemov\u00e9 rychlosti ak\u010dn\u00edch potenci\u00e1l\u016f, je ve stejn\u00e9m frekven\u010dn\u00edm rozsahu jako p\u0159irozen\u00e1 (Shumannova) rezonance zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9ry14<\/sup>. Z\u0159ejm\u00e1 adaptivn\u00ed hodnota p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 neur\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikace mezi jednotlivci v\u0161ak nevylu\u010duje vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch informac\u00ed z geomagnetick\u00e9ho pole, pokud jsou dostate\u010dn\u011b koherentn\u00ed nebo rezonan\u010dn\u00ed s neuromagnetick\u00fdmi vzory a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se nesou s dostate\u010dn\u011b n\u00edzkou intenzitou pole, aby mohly interagovat s magnetick\u00fdmi poli mozku. Jako mechanismy pro uchov\u00e1n\u00ed neur\u00e1ln\u00ed informace v geomagnetick\u00e9m poli byly navr\u017eeny jak magnetick\u00e9 solitony15<\/sup>, tak Hilbert\u016fv prostor16<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

O\u010dek\u00e1vali bychom, \u017ee \u201etelepatick\u00e9\u201c schopnosti a komunikace m\u011bly u neverb\u00e1ln\u00edch spole\u010densk\u00fdch druh\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b \u010dlov\u011bka17<\/sup>, v\u00fdznamnou adaptivn\u00ed hodnotu je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed evoluc\u00ed jazyka, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o zvyky navazov\u00e1n\u00ed vazeb.<\/p>\n

Na\u0161e hypot\u00e9za zde navrhuje, \u017ee (\u201etelepatick\u00e1\u201c) komunikace mezi mozky a synchronizace, jak je pozorov\u00e1na u my\u0161\u00ed18<\/sup>, netop\u00fdr\u016f19<\/sup> a lid\u00ed20<\/sup>, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vysv\u011btlena jako magnetick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly sd\u00edlen\u00e9 dv\u011bma nebo v\u00edce mozky. Existuje v\u00fdzkum o tomto druhu sd\u00edlen\u00ed informac\u00ed21, 22<\/sup>. V\u00fdzkum komunikace mezi mozky a jej\u00edho v\u00fdvoje by mohl nahradit dlouholet\u00fd kladen\u00fd d\u016fraz na jednotlivce s \u00fadajn\u011b v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdmi schopnostmi v n\u011bkter\u00fdch studi\u00edch o paranorm\u00e1ln\u00edch jevech. Pro objasn\u011bn\u00ed t\u011bchto schopnost\u00ed by mohla b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jedin\u00e1 studie komunikace mezi mozky u prim\u00e1t\u016f ne\u017e \u0159ada kazuistik o\u00a0lidech s\u00a0\u00fadajn\u00fdmi mimosmyslov\u00fdmi schopnostmi. Jedna relevantn\u00ed studie ji\u017e byla publikov\u00e1na23<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u011bli bychom poznamenat, \u017ee a\u010dkoli hovo\u0159\u00edme o jednom magnetick\u00e9m poli mozku, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 vhodn\u00e9 nahl\u00ed\u017eet na magnetick\u00e9 pole v ka\u017ed\u00e9 hemisf\u00e9\u0159e jako na samostatnou entitu, je\u017e si vym\u011b\u0148uje magnetick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly s kontralater\u00e1ln\u00ed hemisf\u00e9rou, spolu s jejich ji\u017e zn\u00e1mou elektrickou a chemickou komunikac\u00ed. Magnetick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, rezonuj\u00edc\u00ed s elektrick\u00fdmi sign\u00e1ly v mozku, maj\u00ed t\u0159i vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 by usnadnily komunikaci mezi mozky.<\/p>\n

Za prv\u00e9, Maxwellovy rovnice uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee magnetick\u00e9 st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed jak\u00e9hokoli druhu nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9; magnetick\u00e9 pole nelze \u201ezablokovat\u201c. Za druh\u00e9, magnetick\u00e1 pole a sign\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 mohou p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et, proch\u00e1zej\u00ed lebkou bez \u00fatlumu24<\/sup>. Za t\u0159et\u00ed, a\u010dkoli se s\u00edla pole m\u016f\u017ee sni\u017eovat s nep\u0159\u00edmou \u00fam\u011brou vzd\u00e1lenosti, informace v n\u011bm obsa\u017een\u00e9 mohou z\u016fstat nedot\u010deny na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti. \u201eP\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c informac\u00ed bu\u010f z jin\u00fdch mozk\u016f, nebo z geomagnetick\u00e9ho pole m\u016f\u017ee z\u00e1viset sp\u00ed\u0161e na citlivosti na informace ne\u017e na magnetick\u00e9m poli, je\u017e je nese. Nem\u011bla by b\u00fdt zavrhov\u00e1na mo\u017enost, \u017ee existuj\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 receptory pro specifick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, analogick\u00e9 chemick\u00fdm receptor\u016fm pro specifick\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n

Rozhran\u00ed (propojen\u00ed) v\u011bdom\u00ed a hmoty <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 pou\u017eiteln\u00e1 teorie v\u011bdom\u00ed mus\u00ed vysv\u011btlit jeho interakci s hmotou, v\u010detn\u011b tk\u00e1n\u00ed, s\u00edt\u00ed a struktur, je\u017e zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed smyslov\u00e9 informace.<\/p>\n

Rozhran\u00ed \u201emysli a t\u011bla\u201c spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v interakci magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed a elektrick\u00e9 aktivity v mozku, jak je pops\u00e1no v Maxwellov\u00fdch rovnic\u00edch. Sch\u00e9mata aktivity v elektrick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu mozku budou rezonovat v cel\u00e9m jeho magnetick\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

Mnoho sch\u00e9mat \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed elektrick\u00fdch impuls\u016f neuron\u016f tak odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed stejn\u011b rozmanit\u00fd soubor magnetick\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f. Jak\u00e9koli magnetick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly produkovan\u00e9 by\u0165 jedin\u00fdm magnetozomem by mohly b\u00fdt detekov\u00e1ny v\u0161emi z nich, a\u010dkoli ne v\u0161echny mohou reagovat na v\u0161echny sign\u00e1ly stejn\u011b. Skupiny neuron\u016f, kter\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fd elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l, budou na stejn\u00fd sign\u00e1l p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fd magnetick\u00fdm polem reagovat l\u00e9pe ne\u017e skupiny neuron\u016f, je\u017e ho nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dualismus a nedualismus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dlouhodob\u011b se diskutuje o tom, zda v\u011bdom\u00ed vznik\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho procesu, nebo zda m\u016f\u017ee existovat bez hmotn\u00e9ho substr\u00e1tu. Na\u0161e hypot\u00e9za se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 ani o jeden z t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. Abychom to mohli jasn\u011bji formulovat, mus\u00edme se vr\u00e1tit k z\u00e1kladn\u00edm definic\u00edm pro hmotu a energii (hmotnost). P\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1me speci\u00e1ln\u00ed teorii relativity, je\u017e uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee hmota a energie jsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b zam\u011bniteln\u00e9. Odm\u00edt\u00e1me tak\u00e9 n\u00e1zor, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je \u201ehmota\u201c, jeliko\u017e v\u011bdom\u00ed hmotnou substanc\u00ed nen\u00ed, tak\u017ee bude u\u017eite\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zab\u00fdvat se pouze definic\u00ed pro energii.<\/p>\n

\u201eEnergie\u201c je schopnost dan\u00e9ho t\u011blesa nebo syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00e1 mu umo\u017e\u0148uje vykon\u00e1vat pr\u00e1ci<\/em>. \u201ePr\u00e1ce\u201c je cokoli, co m\u011bn\u00ed nebo sm\u011b\u0159uje ke zm\u011bn\u011b m\u00edsta p\u016fsoben\u00ed s\u00edly<\/em>. \u201eS\u00edla\u201c je cokoli, co m\u011bn\u00ed nebo m\u00e1 tendenci m\u011bnit stav klidu nebo rovnom\u011brn\u00e9ho pohybu t\u011blesa \u010di soustavy po p\u0159\u00edmce (setrva\u010dnost<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Magnetismus je s\u00edla<\/em>, stejn\u011b jako gravitace. V klasick\u00e9 fyzice nen\u00ed ani hmotou, ani energi\u00ed, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 neexistuje nez\u00e1visle na nich. Ot\u00e1zka, zda je v\u011bdom\u00ed atributem hmoty, z\u00e1vis\u00ed zcela na tom, zda definice pro hmotu zahrnuje i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed s\u00edly. Pokud definujeme hmotu a \u201emateri\u00e1l\u201c tak, aby uveden\u00e1 slova zahrnovala v\u0161echny jejich vlastnosti, pak je v\u011bdom\u00ed materi\u00e1ln\u00edm jevem. Pokud se budeme dr\u017eet klasick\u00fdch definic energie, hmoty a sil, pot\u00e9 je v\u011bdom\u00ed nemateri\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Debata o \u201edualismu\u201c zd\u00e1nliv\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee pokud je v\u011bdom\u00ed hmotn\u00fdm jevem, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u00fdrazem hmotn\u00fdch proces\u016f. Jedin\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady v\u011bdom\u00ed, je\u017e jsou k dispozici pro v\u011bdeck\u00e9 b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, se objevuj\u00ed ve spojen\u00ed s \u017eiv\u00fdmi organismy, zd\u00e1 se b\u00fdt tedy rozumn\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat (vzpome\u0148me si na n\u00e1\u0161 po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed postul\u00e1t), \u017ee druh v\u011bdom\u00ed, jen\u017e lidsk\u00e9 bytosti zmi\u0148uj\u00ed, je citliv\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00fd na biologick\u00fdch, a tedy materi\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9mech. Na\u0161e hypot\u00e9za neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je hmotn\u00fd jev. Sp\u00ed\u0161e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee existovat pouze ve spojen\u00ed s hmotou. Bez centralizovan\u00e9 hmoty nelze m\u00edt gravita\u010dn\u00ed pole, ale hmota a gravitace nejsou tot\u00e9\u017e. V\u011bdom\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee uk\u00e1zat podobn\u011b integrovan\u00e9 se zdroji magnetick\u00e9ho pole. Nem\u011bli bychom v\u0161ak p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee spojen\u00ed mezi magnetismem a hmotou je vztahem p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinn\u00e9 souvislosti, a vyvarovat se z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee hmota vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed nebo naopak.<\/p>\n

Jednou z hnac\u00edch sil debaty materialist\u016f, dualist\u016f a monist\u016f je p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee pokud je v\u011bdom\u00ed hmotn\u00e9, pak p\u0159estane existovat, kdy\u017e jeho hostitelsk\u00fd organismus zem\u0159e. Av\u0161ak vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee ve\u0161ker\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed na Zemi existuje v prost\u0159ed\u00ed zemsk\u00e9ho magnetick\u00e9ho pole, nen\u00ed vylou\u010deno, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee pokra\u010dovat i po smrti a \u017ee posmrtn\u00e1 neur\u00e1ln\u00ed informace m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v tomto prost\u0159ed\u00ed zachov\u00e1na. Dal\u0161\u00ed autor se touto mo\u017enost\u00ed zab\u00fdval v jin\u00e9 publikaci25<\/sup>. Tato hypot\u00e9za neobjas\u0148uje ot\u00e1zku existence du\u0161e tak, jak b\u00fdv\u00e1 tradi\u010dn\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

Kvantov\u00e1 mechanika v\u011bdom\u00ed <\/strong><\/p>\n

Jak\u00fdkoli kvantov\u00fd z\u00e1klad v\u011bdom\u00ed by byl pouze uk\u00e1zkou v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho kvantov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu v\u0161ech magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed a jak\u00e1koli kvantov\u00e1 mechanika v\u011bdom\u00ed by se prom\u011bnila ve speci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad kvantov\u00e9 mechaniky magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Anom\u00e1lie anencefalik\u016f <\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je magnetick\u00fd jev, m\u016f\u017ee vy\u0159e\u0161it zn\u00e1mou anom\u00e1lii v neurov\u011bd\u00e1ch. V literatu\u0159e byly pops\u00e1ny t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 norm\u00e1ln\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed a motorick\u00e9 funkce u lid\u00ed s v\u00fdrazn\u011b redukovanou nervovou tk\u00e1n\u00ed (\u201eanencefalik\u016f\u201c). V jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bylo pozorov\u00e1no, \u017ee mu\u017e s velmi mal\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm nervov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b a masivn\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm mozkov\u00fdch komor, jeho\u017e lebka byla napln\u011bna mozkom\u00ed\u0161n\u00edm mokem (CSF), vykazuje norm\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9 funkce26<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Magnetit byl nalezen v mozkom\u00ed\u0161n\u00edm moku27<\/sup>. Pokud je v\u011bdom\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed magnetick\u00e9ho pole, pak by magnetozomy v mozkom\u00ed\u0161n\u00edm moku tohoto pacienta umo\u017e\u0148ovaly jeho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00fdch mez\u00edch (jeho verb\u00e1ln\u00ed IQ je pouze 16 % pod norm\u00e1lem), p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e mozkov\u00e1 tk\u00e1\u0148 je zna\u010dn\u011b zmen\u0161en\u00e1.<\/p>\n

V jin\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech28, 29, 30<\/sup> byly u pacient\u016f bez moze\u010dku pozorov\u00e1ny pouze m\u00edrn\u00e9 motorick\u00e9 deficity. Jejich moze\u010dkov\u00e9 prostory jsou rovn\u011b\u017e vypln\u011bny mozkom\u00ed\u0161n\u00edm mokem. Jejich v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9 motorick\u00e9 funkce lze vysv\u011btlit jako funkci magnetozom\u016f v mozkom\u00ed\u0161n\u00edm moku.<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli tato tekutina podl\u00e9h\u00e1 pulzac\u00edm, m\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nulov\u00fd \u010dist\u00fd pr\u016ftok31<\/sup> a viskozitu bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se viskozit\u011b vody, co\u017e by umo\u017enilo magnetitov\u00fdm struktur\u00e1m v moze\u010dkov\u00e9m prostoru zachovat si ur\u010ditou stabilitu a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zastoupit b\u011b\u017enou moze\u010dkovou \u010dinnost. Tato hypot\u00e9za by byla pos\u00edlena, kdyby se zjistilo, \u017ee magnetozomy mozkom\u00ed\u0161n\u00edho moku anencefalik\u016f vykazuj\u00ed odli\u0161nosti od magnetozom\u016f norm\u00e1ln\u00edho mozkom\u00ed\u0161n\u00edho moku.<\/p>\n

Mapov\u00e1n\u00ed lokalizace funkc\u00ed ve zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed nervov\u00e9 tk\u00e1ni by v\u0161ak mohlo odhalit, \u017ee funkce, je\u017e se b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed v neporu\u0161en\u00e9m mozku, jsou tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomny, ale jsou jinak lokalizov\u00e1ny, a v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by na\u0161e hypot\u00e9za nebyla ovlivn\u011bna. Takov\u00fd z\u00e1krok by byl samoz\u0159ejm\u011b velmi invazivn\u00ed a za hranic\u00ed etick\u00e9 praxe.<\/p>\n

Neporu\u0161en\u00e9 funkce anencefalika mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edpadem akomodace (p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed) vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje, na rozd\u00edl od toho, co vid\u00edme p\u0159i zotavov\u00e1n\u00ed po otev\u0159en\u00fdch poran\u011bn\u00edch hlavy a po chirurgick\u00e9m odstran\u011bn\u00ed mozkov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b, jako b\u011bhem rakoviny mozku, epilepsie, \u00faraz\u016f hlavy atd. Studium struktury, koncentrace a distribuce magnetitu v mozkom\u00ed\u0161n\u00edm moku anencefalika by mohlo poskytnout \u00fadaje relevantn\u00ed pro danou hypot\u00e9zu.<\/p>\n

Falzifikace a potvrzen\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hypot\u00e9za by byla pos\u00edlena, pokud by se objevili jedinci s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi koncentracemi magnetitu v nervov\u00e9 tk\u00e1ni, u nich\u017e by se projevily neur\u00e1ln\u00ed deficity nebo nadbytky. M\u016f\u017eeme opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee existuje Weberova hodnota (nebo prahov\u00e1 hodnota), kdy dostate\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det opakov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo rezonanc\u00ed magnetick\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu v mozku zp\u016fsob\u00ed, \u017ee mechanismy pozornosti za\u010dnou upozor\u0148ovat na p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd (endogenn\u00ed nebo vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed) podn\u011bt, kter\u00fd jej vyvolal, a p\u0159ivedou jej do v\u011bdom\u00e9ho pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me, \u017ee v tomto procesu budou hr\u00e1t v\u00fdznamnou roli potenci\u00e1ly souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s ud\u00e1lostmi (ERP). Jak\u00e9koli m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky z\u00edskan\u00e9 stimulac\u00ed mozku typick\u00fdm ERP sign\u00e1lem, vlo\u017een\u00fdm do magnetick\u00e9ho pole (jako je zes\u00edlen\u00ed nebo potla\u010den\u00ed reakce na jin\u00e9 podn\u011bty, v\u010detn\u011b jin\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 stimulace), prezentovan\u00e9 dostate\u010dn\u011b n\u00edzkou intenzitou pole, aby do\u0161lo k interakci s vlastn\u00ed magnetickou aktivitou mozku, by na\u0161i hypot\u00e9zu podporovaly.<\/p>\n

Hypot\u00e9zu by rovn\u011b\u017e podpo\u0159ilo, kdyby byla vyvinuta metoda zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00fdch a rychl\u00fdch zm\u011bn v amplitud\u00e1ch pol\u00ed obklopuj\u00edc\u00edch nervov\u00e9 magnetozomy, je\u017e by na\u0161la specifick\u00e9 (jedine\u010dn\u00e9) magnetick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly v oblastech, o nich\u017e je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee souvisej\u00ed s v\u011bdom\u00edm, jako je retikul\u00e1rn\u00ed formace32,33<\/sup>, claustrum34<\/sup> a zadn\u00ed kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed oblast35<\/sup>. Rozd\u00edly v lok\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentra\u010dn\u00ed organizaci nebo ve funkc\u00edch magnetozom\u016f v t\u011bchto oblastech by rovn\u011b\u017e podporovaly na\u0161i hypot\u00e9zu.<\/p>\n

J\u00e1, pocit j\u00e1 a stavy v\u011bdom\u00ed nejsou v\u011bdom\u00edm samotn\u00fdm.<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 domn\u011bl\u00e9 atributy v\u011bdom\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt ve skute\u010dnosti aspekty pocitu vlastn\u00edho j\u00e1. Je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b definovat krit\u00e9ria test\u016f a jejich rozsah z\u00fa\u017eit tak, aby zahrnovaly pouze schopnost subjektivn\u00edho v\u011bdom\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jeden popul\u00e1rn\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u010dasopis36<\/sup> uvedl, \u017ee \u201e\u2026v\u011bdom\u00ed mus\u00ed zahrnovat integraci \u010dinnosti n\u011bkolika mozkov\u00fdch s\u00edt\u00ed, co\u017e n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje vn\u00edmat na\u0161e okol\u00ed jako jednu sjednocuj\u00edc\u00ed zku\u0161enost, nikoli jako izolovan\u00e9 smyslov\u00e9 vjemy\u201c, co\u017e je funkce, o n\u00ed\u017e je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee se vyskytuje v thalamu, a kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00edce z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na stavech v\u011bdom\u00ed<\/em> ne\u017e na samotn\u00e9m fenom\u00e9nu subjektivn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti. M\u011bli bychom si v\u0161ak p\u0159ipustit, \u017ee \u201evn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed okol\u00ed\u201c pro \u010dlov\u011bka zahrnuje ud\u00e1losti a percepty (nap\u0159. jedno slovo),<\/p>\n

u nich\u017e spole\u010densk\u00fd<\/em> smysl a v\u00fdznam p\u0159eva\u017euje nad p\u016fsoben\u00edm smysl\u016f.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 domn\u011bl\u00e9 aspekty v\u011bdom\u00ed jsou nav\u00edc ve skute\u010dnosti mechanismy \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed stav\u016f v\u011bdom\u00ed (nap\u0159. v\u00fdb\u011br aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho objektu pozornosti) a ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed to, co si pr\u00e1v\u011b uv\u011bdomujeme, nikoli mechanismus samotn\u00e9ho uv\u011bdomov\u00e1n\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z tradi\u010dn\u00edch definic slova \u201ev\u011bdom\u00ed\u201c, v\u010detn\u011b schopnosti konsolidovat vzpom\u00ednky<\/em>, reakce na podn\u011bty<\/em> nebo klinick\u00e9ho pojet\u00ed naru\u0161en\u00e9ho v\u011bdom\u00ed<\/em>, nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt vhodn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdom\u00ed, jak ho zde ch\u00e1peme, funguje s ohledem na jednotliv\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 quale; smyslov\u00e9, kognitivn\u00ed, afektivn\u00ed vjemy, pocit sebe sama nebo \u201emysl\u201c, v n\u00ed\u017e existuj\u00ed. V\u011bdom\u00ed by v\u0161ak bylo p\u0159\u00edtomno i p\u0159i jedin\u00e9m vjemu, dokonce i bez \u201ej\u00e1\u201c, kter\u00e9 by jej interpretovalo, jeliko\u017e jsme p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee i jednoduch\u00fd magnet bude m\u00edt element\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako bakterie s jedin\u00fdm magnetozomem.<\/p>\n

Naru\u0161en\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed, je\u017e nen\u00ed schopno integrovat sv\u00e9 vjemy, afekty a kognice nebo podporovat pocit vlastn\u00edho j\u00e1, by si p\u0159esto zachovalo schopnost subjektivn\u00edho pro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u011bdom\u00ed by bylo neust\u00e1le ve stavu \u201ezapnuto\u201c, i kdyby jeho b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 smyslov\u00e9, afektivn\u00ed a kognitivn\u00ed vstupy nebyly zapnut\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je prost\u0159ed\u00edm, v n\u011bm\u017e existuj\u00ed a m\u011bn\u00ed se stavy v\u011bdom\u00ed, co\u017e je n\u00e1sledn\u011b substr\u00e1tem pro integrovanou zku\u0161enost a pocit vlastn\u00edho j\u00e1. Od test\u016f, je\u017e zkoumaj\u00ed aspekty pocitu vlastn\u00edho j\u00e1, nelze o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee objasn\u00ed fenom\u00e9n v\u011bdom\u00ed. Studium strom\u016f nemus\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e9st odpov\u011bdi na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se p\u016fdy. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pam\u011b\u0165 z\u00e1vis\u00ed na stavech v\u011bdom\u00ed, proto\u017ee ne v\u0161echny stavy umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed stejn\u011b rychl\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed nebo konsolidaci pam\u011bti. V\u0161echny stavy<\/em> v\u011bdom\u00ed nav\u00edc nedok\u00e1\u017eou udr\u017eet pocit vlastn\u00edho j\u00e1, jen\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad b\u011bhem bezesn\u00e9ho sp\u00e1nku nemus\u00ed existovat, p\u0159esto\u017ee zobrazovac\u00ed techniky mozku ukazuj\u00ed jasn\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky neur\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivity, je\u017e se b\u011bhem sp\u00e1nku odehr\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p>\n

V na\u0161em modelu nen\u00ed sebeuv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti vlastnost\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed, pokud se na n\u011bj d\u00edv\u00e1me pouze jako na \u201eschopnost subjektivn\u00edho uv\u011bdomov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. Sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159edstavuje uv\u011bdomov\u00e1n\u00ed si specifick\u00e9ho fenom\u00e9nu \u2013 pocitu vlastn\u00edho j\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bdom\u00ed je inherentn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed, m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamnou objas\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed hodnotu a nen\u00ed zalo\u017eeno na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch nekonsenzu\u00e1ln\u00edch paradigmatech nebo metafyzick\u00fdch konceptech.<\/p>\n

Uveden\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za obsahuje p\u0159edpoklady, kter\u00e9 lze ov\u011b\u0159it. Spolehliv\u00e9 postupy pro jej\u00ed falzifikaci se mohou uk\u00e1zat jako obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vzhledem k sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu stavu neurov\u011bdy, tautologick\u00e9 povaze definic slova v\u011bdom\u00ed<\/em>, jako\u017e i k obt\u00ed\u017e\u00edm spojen\u00fdm s odd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00edm \u00fa\u010dink\u016f magnetick\u00e9ho pole vznikaj\u00edc\u00edho v magnetozomech, od \u00fa\u010dink\u016f vyvolan\u00fdch neur\u00e1ln\u00ed elektrickou aktivitou.<\/p>\n

\n

REFERENCE:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00fd p\u0159eklad vytvo\u0159il Pavel Dvo\u0159\u00e1k. (PDvorak@protonmail.com)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed \u201ez\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky\u201c: V\u011bdom\u00ed jako inherentn\u00ed vlastnost magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed. Francais English Todd Murphy, 2019 Program behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed neurov\u011bdy p\u0159i Laurentsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b (v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd pracovn\u00edk). Souhrn: \u201eZ\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka\u201c, tedy ot\u00e1zka t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed podstaty v\u011bdom\u00ed, nach\u00e1z\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f v hypot\u00e9ze, kde v\u011bdom\u00ed je atributem magnetick\u00e9ho pole a kde komplexn\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed (je\u017e m\u016f\u017ee zahrnovat \u201esebeuv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed\u201c, inteligenci nebo soci\u00e1ln\u00ed interakci) je […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14108,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-full-width.php","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17982","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17982","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17982"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17982\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14108"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17982"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17982"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.god-helmet.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17982"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}